2. Socratic Citizenship: Plato's Apology

This is a systematic lecture on the introduction to political philosophy, excerpted from the Yale University open course PLSC 114. The lecture focuses on Plato's "Apology," opening with an explanation of why this dialogue is the best entry point for understanding Socrates' citizenship—it not only presents the philosopher's trial and death but also an open debate on how "citizens should live." The core focus is on how Socrates likens himself to a "gadfly," choosing to obey the law and not merely survive between the city and the truth, thereby bringing forth the eternal tension between philosophy and politics, individual conscience and collective authority. It is suitable for beginners in political philosophy or Western intellectual history, as well as for general audiences interested in the Athenian democracy and the death of Socrates. Viewing suggestion: There's no need to rush to master all the details of the argument. First, pay attention to Socrates' demeanor in court—he refuses to cater to the jury, yet insists on speaking the truth. This "unconventional" behavior is the key to understanding his citizenship views. If you can read the original "Apology," your understanding will be more solid.